Thursday, October 13, 2005

My JuJu

Per my post yesterday, I said I would upload a picture of the JuJu that Katia made me.

Here is clarification on exactly what Ju-Ju is :

Juju (sometimes spelled ju-ju) originated in West Africa, and, specifically--as far as there can be any specificity--Nigeria. It is defined as 'any object that is worshiped superstitiously and used as an amulet or fetish'. Just as important is the magical power attributed to this object and, often, a ban or taboo effected by it. The Dictionary of Folklore, Mythology, and Legend says that juju is "the spirit dwelling within a made object or fetish, in the belief of the Ibo of the lower Niger. The term is applied generically to the ghosts and evil spirits of Southern Nigeria." (You will see later that there is disagreement here.) Actually, I found it difficult to find out much about juju at all. As one scholar told me, "I'm not surprised. A lot of the ceremony around juju was probably secret." Though voodoo also emerged from West Africa, it's not related etymologically--despite the similarity of reduplication and like-sounding syllables--to juju. Voodoo, however, obviously made the transition to the New World (via slavery) much more successfully.
The object used as a fetish for juju can be almost anything. In her 1894 Autobiography, a certain Amanda Smith wrote of her African visit: "The first thing we saw on entering was a large ju-ju, the head of an elephant." Three years later, Mary Kingsley, in her book Travels in West Africa wrote: "The extinguisher-shaped juju filled with medicine and made of iron is against drowning--the red juju is 'for keep foot in path'."
Scholars don't agree about the origin of the word juju. In fact, they're all over the place. Two sources I consulted (one of which is the OED) say that the word derives from the French word joujou, which means 'toy, plaything'. Our own Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary says that juju is a Hausa word meaning 'fetish'. I consulted Dr. Roxana Ma Newman, Assistant Dean, Office of International Programs at Indiana University's Department of Linguistics, and the author of An English-Hausa Dictionary, (Yale, 1990). She informed me that Hausa is the language spoken by the Hausa people in Northern Nigeria. It's also spoken by millions of other Africans (some 40,000,000 in all) as a language of commerce, because the Hausa have always been great traders. Although Dr. Newman confirmed that juju means 'fetish', she quickly added, "It doesn't look like a Hausa word to me." Her feeling is that it's probably a borrowed word. Her colleague at Indiana, Dr. Robert Botne, a specialist in Bantu languages, has little regard for the idea that juju derived from the French joujou. "I just can't believe it made that great a leap," he said, referring to the words' vastly different meanings.
Clarence Major's Juba to Jive: A Dictionary of African-American Slang says that ju ju, as he spells it, is from the Bantu word njiu, which means both 'danger' and a 'fetish against harm'. Bantu is not, however, a single language. It is a very large language group, which includes Swahili and Zulu. The Bantu languages are spoken in central and southern Africa. This is not in line with the ealier assertion that the word orginates with the Ibo, a people who live in southeastern Nigeria. They speak a language of the same name, but it's not part of the Bantu group.
Confused? Just wait.
Further complicating this already complicated story is juju music. Emerging from the West African Yoruba culture in the 1930s, its first real star was Tunde King. In the 1950s, I. K. Dairo added electric guitars to a music that already consisted of banjos, shakers and hand drums. Today, juju music's most famous star is Nigeria's King Sunny Ade, called the "Minister of Enjoyment." If you have the right software, you can listen to some selections from one of his most famous albums, Juju Music. As far as I can tell, though, juju music and juju magic are not related--at least not directly. (Please, let me hear from anyone who can enlighten me.) In fact, one web source says that "ju" in the Yoruba language means 'toss, throw'. And "the action of tossing the tambourine up and catching it and the duplication of the word 'ju' gave juju music its name."

So as I stated in my earlier post - I am looking for help, prayer etc. from any race, religion etc. etc. Hopefully all have learned something new - I sure did!
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